The Enlightenment s Influence On The French Revolution

Maheera Syed The Enlightenment’s Influence on the French Revolution No one could have imagined the impact that the Enlightenment would have and its long-lasting effect. The Enlightenment and its ideas became so widespread that they did not only affect France, but many other countries also. The French Revolution was directly inspired and influenced by the Enlightenment. Revolutionaries in France built their cause around the ideals of the Age of Reason. Reason, reform and modernity took hold mainly in Germany, Great Britain and of course, France. The Enlightenment was not able to permeate the small middle class in Austria, Italy, Poland-Lithuania, Spain and Russia because their governments were easily able to suppress any new ways of†¦show more content†¦Hatred can have severe implications. Bothered by a government and monarchy that did not seem to be concerned with its people and their rights, the people had to take a stand of their own. As Kant wrote, they no longer wanted to be â€Å"minors.† They wanted to overcome â€Å"laziness and cowardice† and free themselves from â€Å"external guidance† (Kant, par. 2). France stood as the center for the Enlightenment because it was in a constant dichotomy between â€Å"the desire to censor dissident ideas and the desire to appear open to modernity and progress† (Hunt, 4098). Parliament hindered the monarchy’s reform efforts by using their own words of Enlightenment influence against them. This was a paradox that showed how the Enlightenment affected all levels of French life, but was applied to achieve different results. While the American Revolution and the resulting new republic was regarded as a successful application of the Enlightenment, the unstable, failed attempts at change and reformation in France led to early signs of revolution as revolts â€Å"in the name of liberty† from 1787-1789. Initially, revolutionaries attempted to establish a constitutional monarchy based on human rights and a rational government, principles they had acquired from the Enlightenment. After the fall of the Bastille in 1789 and the Great Fear which granted freedom to serfs, eliminated taxation privileges, and also led to equal opportunities in government positions, theShow MoreRelatedTo What Extent Was The Enlightenment The Main Driving Force Behind The American And French Revolutions?1479 Words   |  6 Pagesfocuses on the causes of Atlantic Revolutions and will explore the question: To what extent was the Enlightenment the main driving force behind the American and French Revolutions? The years 1685 to 1815 (Strayer, 2011) will be the focus of this investigation to allow for an analysis of the Enlightenment ideas’ impact the need for governmental change in the American colonies and France during the eighteenth century, as well as their governmental influences post-revolutions. â € ¯ The first source whichRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Enlightenment1708 Words   |  7 PagesEnlightenment in Europe was a period in which ideas were legitimately from one country to another. It is also known as civilization time where traditional authority was put to the question while embracing the notion of humanity to improve human change. The French revolution was directly in motivation by Enlightenment ideals which marked a peak of its influence and a beginning of its fall. 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The Enlightenment thinkers believed they could implement some of these ideas to create a better influence towards societies and people. These ideas changed how humanity viewed the government, politics, and society. Although each philosopher had their own individual concept, they all centered on the themes of equality and freedom. ThomasRead MoreThe American And French Revolutions1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe American French Revolutions The American Revolution and French Revolution were unique in world history because they used the ideas of freedom and equality from the Enlightenment, but understood them differently at the same time. Both revolutions occurred around the same time- the 18th Century, the American Revolution began on the 4th of July when Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence (Dr. Taylor). 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The revolution instigated the act of liberty and equality for all people and generated fair living standards and/or social classes and treatment. This prompted expansions of political forces including but not limited to the de mocracy and nationalism. Questioning the authority of kings, priests and nobles it providedRead MoreHow Did The American Revolution Affect The French Revolution?1378 Words   |  6 PagesHow did the American revolution affect the French revolution? The French revolution took place after, and was deeply affected by the American revolution. From 1765 to 1783 the American revolution involved the colonists and Great Britain in a civil war. The colonists left England planning to make riches, find religious freedom, and leave persecution. Eventually thirteen colonies were formed along the Atlantic coast of North America. Later problems involving new acts led to the wanting for independenceRead MoreThe French Revolution Was Inspired By The Ideas From The Enlightenment928 Words   |  4 Pages The French Revolution was inspired by the ideas from the Enlightenment. The main goal that the Enlightenment tried to reach was to promote scientific reasoning and end the injustice in the way governments were performing. The French Revolution was mainly a series of upheaving s aiming to gain social and political reforms, along with ways to govern more justly. Due to the previous era, being the Enlightenment, French Revolutionists saw that Enlightenment participants, such as Rousseau, VoltaireRead MoreDBQ Essay: Causes Of The French Revolution1043 Words   |  5 PagesThe French Revolution of 1789 had many long-range causes. Political, social, and economic conditions in France mad many French people discontented. Most disaffected were merchants, artisans, workers, and peasants. The ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers brought new views of government and society. The American Revolution also influenced the coming of The French Revolution. Therefore, The French Revolution of 1789 had s everal causes not only due to political, but also due to social and economic issues

Nitric Oxide Therapy in infants with pulmonary hypertension Free Essays

The benefits of nitrogen oxide (NO) therapy as used in the treatment of infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) can be best appreciated if the reader is familiar with the pathophysiology of PPHN and the previous methods used in treating the disease. The function of NO has evolved in the minds of the scientific community from being a mere noxious gas emitted by vehicles to a wonder compound in the field of medicine. In the area of pulmonology, its vasodilatory effect in the blood vessels is now being used to assist PPHN patients in rerouting blood flow in infants whose blood circulation fails to shift from fetal to normal circulation. We will write a custom essay sample on Nitric Oxide Therapy in infants with pulmonary hypertension or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such nature of the compound, being the main ingredient in NO therapy allows for a less invasive procedure which in effect reduces risks of complications during and after treatments, expected in previous treatment methods. This reduced risks account for the relatively more cost-effective character of NO therapy as a treatment method in PPHN patients. There is not much use for the lungs during the fetal life. At such stage, the function of the lungs is carried out by the placenta through the umbilical cord. Fetal life is characterized by a high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) with pulmonary blood flow being restricted to a less than 10% lung-directed cardiac output. Blood vessels that connect the heart and the lungs are constricted, sending the circulating blood back to the heart through the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that functions only in fetuses. In other words, the lungs in the fetal stage are bypassed. At birth, when the lungs finally assume the function of gas exchange, the PVR decreases, allowing for an increase in pulmonary blood flow. The blood vessel that is previously constricted, favoring blood flow to the ductus arteriosus is now relaxed, simultaneously with the permanent closure of the ductus arteriosus. This happens as the lungs become ventilated and the alveolar oxygen tension is increased. Persistent Pulmonary Hypertansion occurs when at birth, the lung circulation fails to achieve the normal drop in PVR, preventing the transition from fetal to newborn circulation. This failure results in the continuous functioning of the ductus arteriosus which impairs the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and limits the amount of oxygen that can be picked up by the blood to be delivered to the different parts of the body. The blood that flows back to the heart remains in an unoxygenated state which could lead to the development of refractory hypoxemia, respiratory distress and acidosis. It is only in 1987 when nitric oxide (NO) was recognized as a key endothelial-derived vasodilator molecule. From then, research has been expanded to establish the role of NO throughout the body, and to discover its therapeutic potential.   To appreciate the effects of NO in alleviating pulmonary hypertension, it is important to gain understanding of its chemistry and mechanism of action. Nitric Oxide is a gaseous compound that rapidly diffuses across membranes and has a single unpaired electron. This explains its high reactivity, especially to Hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood. This nature of the compound accounts for its noted biological significance. It has been discovered to function as stimulant in the release of hormones; as neurotransmitter; a significant participant in the magnification of synaptic actions and learning processes; and an inhibitor in platelet aggregation, which makes it a marvel in the field of cardiology. In the field of pulmonology, nitric oxide is valued for its vasodilatory effect in the blood vessels. This effect can be explained by the mechanism involving the compound’s diffusion from the vascular endothelial cells to the subjacent smooth muscles of the pulmonary vessels. From here, NO activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase to change conformation to promote smooth muscle relaxation by converting GTP to cGMP.   This vasodilatory effect signals the mechanism to modulate blood flow and vascular tone. Given the mechanism of action, it is easy to surmise how NO can be utilized as a therapeutic agent in the management of blood-vessel-related diseases such as those related to the heart (hypertension), the reproductive system(erectile dysfunction) and in this case, the lungs (Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in infants (PPHN)). Before NO, treatments used in infant PPHN are hyperventilation, continuous infusion of alkali, tube vasodilation and vasodilator drugs. A study on the effects of these various treatments was done by Ellington, Jr., et. al., (2001) showing no specific therapy clearly associated with the reduction in mortality in infants. In determining whether therapies were equivalent, the study showed that hyperventilation reduced the risk of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) with no oxygen increase at 28 days, while alkali infusion increased the use of ECMO as well as an increase in the use of oxygen at 28 days (Ellington, Jr., et. al., 2001). ECMO is a highly invasive procedure that requires major surgery, performed in serious cases of PPHN when patients fail to respond to treatments. It is only after post-lab studies were able to identify the role of NO-cGMP signaling in the regulation of lung circulation that NO therapy was developed for PPHN (Channick, R., et. al., 1994). Like previous treatment methods, NO therapy improves oxygenation as well as reduces the risk of ECMO in infants with PPHN (Oliveira, et. al., 2000). But because nitric oxide is capable of acting on its own upon inhalation to relax the blood vessels and improve circulation, it is considered as a less invasive procedure in the management of infants with PPHN compared to the previous treatments mentioned in the preceding paragraphs. The efficiency of the treatment procedure can be determined by observing its effect on the patient’s ventilation and blood flow, which is a determinant of the efficiency of transpulmonary oxygenation and partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic arterial blood (Ichinose, et. al., 2004). NO therapy enhances the mechanism by which blood flow is redistributed toward regions in the lungs with better ventilation and higher intra-alveolar partial pressure of oxygen (Ichinose, et. al., 2004). Other treatments used in the management of PPHN such as tube ventilation, alkalosis and intravenous vasodilators were shown to be effective in ameliorating pulmonary hypertension in some infants, but in many instances, it does not, as ECMO almost always becomes a necessity in saving the life of the infants (Ichinose, et. al., 2004). A type of hyperventilation has been proven not to increase the risk of ECMO, but unlike NO-therapy (Ellington, Jr., et. al., 2001), it is invasive as to require a tube inserted inside the infant’s trachea. In patients with moderate PPHN, there is an improvement in arterial p a O 2, reduced necessity of ventilator support and low risk of progression to severe PPHN (Sadiq, et. al., 2003) and this, without the risk of increasing the incidence of adverse outcomes when the age of 1 year is reached (Clark, et. al. 2003). Inhaled NO is able to rapidly increase the arterial oxygen tension and increase the blood flow in the lungs without causing systemic hypotension (Roberts, 1992; Kinsella, 1992). No apparent increase in morbidity has been shown after one year of treatment with NO (Aparna and Hoskote, 2008). For high-risk infants with PPHN, inhaled NO has been found to lessen the risk of pulmonary hypertensive crisis (PHTC) after congenital heart surgery (Miller, et. al. 2000). Studies on the role of NO in the management of PPHM show that while it is therapeutic, it also prevents the occurrence of chronic lung disease which affects morbidity. Vascular cell proliferation and pulmonary vascular disease have been shown to decrease with NO in the newborn (Roberts, et. al., 1995). In addition, while NO treatment can be more costly, it is the most cost-effective among other methods because of the reduced need for ECMO (Angus, et. al. 2003). For these reasons, it is understandable why NO therapy seems to have taken over in the area of PPHN treatment. References Angus DC, Clermont G, Watson RS, et al. (2003). Cost-effectiveness of inhaled nitric oxide in the treatment of neonatal respiratory failure in the United States. Pediatrics. 112, 1351–1360. Aparna U., Hoskote, MD., et. al. (2008). Airway function in infants treated with inhaled nitric oxide for persistent pulmonary hypertension. Pediatr Pulmonol. 43, 224-235. Channick R, Hoch R, Newhart J, et al. (1994). Improvement in pulmonary hypertension and hypoxemia during nitric oxide inhalation in a patient with end-stage pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 149, 811-814 Clark, RH., Huckaby, JL., et. al. (2003). Low-Dose Nitric Oxide Therapy for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension: 1-Year Follow-up. Journal of Perinatology. 23, 300.   Ellington Jr, Marty, O’Reilly, et. al. (2001). Child Health Status, Neurodevelopmental Outcome, and Parental Satisfaction in a Randomized, Controlled Trial of Nitric Oxide for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn. Pediatrics,107. Ichinose F, Roberts JD, et.al. (2004). A Selective Pulmonary Vasodilator: Current Uses and Therapeutic Potential. Circulation. 109, 3106-3111. Kinsella JP, Neish SR, Shaffer E, et al. (1992). Low-dose inhalation nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Lancet.   340, 819–820. Miller O, Tang SW, et. al. (2000) Inhaled nitric oxide and prevention of pulmonary hypertension after congenital heart surgery: A randomised double-blind study. The Lancet. 356: 9240, 1464. Oliveira cac, et. al. (2000). Inhaled Nitric oxide in the management of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a meta-analysis. Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. S., 55 (4): 145-154, 2000 Roberts JD Jr, Polaner DM, Lang P, et al. (1992). Inhaled nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Lancet. 340, 818–819. Roberts JD Jr, Roberts CT, Jones RC, et al. (1995). Continuous nitric oxide inhalation reduces pulmonary arterial structural changes, right ventricular hypertrophy, and growth retardation in the hypoxic newborn rat. Circ Res. 76, 215-222.   Sadiq HF, Mantych G, et. al. (2003). Inhaled Nitric Oxide in the Treatment of Moderate Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn: A Randomized Controlled, Multicenter Trial. Journal of Perinatology.   23, (2).98 How to cite Nitric Oxide Therapy in infants with pulmonary hypertension, Essay examples

Respect For Our Humanity Essay Example For Students

Respect For Our Humanity: Essay Respect For Our Humanity: Essay 180 of Difference For purposes of this assignment I have selected the Raymond Carver stories So Much Water So Close To Home and The Third Thing That Killed My Father Off. The wife in the first story and the father in the second both undergo change when placed in situations which cause them to consider the value and dignity of human life. These reactions are called forth by interaction with other characters, the wife being affected by her husband and the father by his friend. We will write a custom essay on Respect For Our Humanity: specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the first story we see how an uncommunicative man who is so selfish and morally devoid that he causes his wife to undergo three distinct stages of emotion (empathy, anger, complacency). She eventually succumbs to her husbands benightedness in the context of their marital relationship. The second story examines how a mans moral conflict, as demonstrated by his introspection and consciousness of guilt, can be equally ruinous. The fathers belief system is shattered after a series of circumstances culminate with his friends suicide. He endures a transition from being supportive and compassionate to being shaken, overwhelmed and guilt-ridden. These two stories demonstrate the extremes that can be reached on a persons own moral compass. The husband in So Much Water So Close To Home is so lacking morally, that in a criminal context, he might be considered sociopathic. He would seem not to possess the least bit of understanding for the concept of decency and feeling toward his fellow human being. On the contrary, the father/friend in The Third Thing That Killed My Father Off is condemned by an overabundance of concern for people, to a point that his internalization consumes him, destroying his relationship with his son. The wife in So Much Water So Close To Home is the narrator, so we see the marital relationship from her perspective. She tells us that the husband and his friends, while on a fishing trip, discover the body of a murdered girl. These men continue their trip and delay reporting this find for 2-3 days, until they are on their way home. The husband is an amoral individual who throughout the story is incapable of change as is shown by his lack of respect for the death of this murdered girl; his collusion with his fishing buddies to delay notification to proper authorities of this discovery until they conclude their trip; his consistent intake of alcohol to dull his senses; his marital treatment of his wife through the physical act of sex rather than lovemaking and his selfish sensitivity to criticism without any consciousness of guilt, when he remarks, I think I know what you need, as he begins to unbutton her blouse. (p. 87, par. 8) In reaction to the husband, the wife undergoes change in three definite ways. She, as narrator, first tells us how she attempts through conversation at the breakfast table to discuss with her husband his response when the body was found. The reason he doesnt discuss the girls death with his wife is that she was dead (p. 80, par. 2). He rejects her efforts and interprets them as criticism, resulting in the husband refusing to have any conversation on this topic. Her frustration with her husbands reticence results in the second stage, anger, which is manifested by her breaking dishes. Empathizing with the deceased young girl and her loved ones by recalling a similar incident in her own childhood, she decides to show her respect by attending the strangers funeral service. Upon her return from the funeral, she finally enters a third stage, complacency, where she accepts the status quo recognizing that her husband still would not respect the memory of the young girl by even asking about the service and its circumstances. Instead his callousness and selfishness are again illustrated when he begins fondling her, preparatory to another loveless copulation, and she simply puts up with it. .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad , .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad .postImageUrl , .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad , .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad:hover , .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad:visited , .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad:active { border:0!important; } .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad:active , .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u63a76658b550377de056324250bce0ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marketing Mix in Cafe Coffee Day EssayIt is almost inconceivable that a fellow human can be as devoid of feeling as is our husband here. His ambivalence can almost be equated with that of a sociopath in a psychological setting. The inability to even understand that his complicity in not immediately reporting the finding of the girls body . Respect For Our Humanity Essay Example For Students Respect For Our Humanity: Essay Respect For Our Humanity: Essay 180 of Difference For purposes of this assignment I have selected the Raymond Carver stories So Much Water So Close To Home and The Third Thing That Killed My Father Off. The wife in the first story and the father in the second both undergo change when placed in situations which cause them to consider the value and dignity of human life. These reactions are called forth by interaction with other characters, the wife being affected by her husband and the father by his friend. We will write a custom essay on Respect For Our Humanity: specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the first story we see how an uncommunicative man who is so selfish and morally devoid that he causes his wife to undergo three distinct stages of emotion (empathy, anger, complacency). She eventually succumbs to her husbands benightedness in the context of their marital relationship. The second story examines how a mans moral conflict, as demonstrated by his introspection and consciousness of guilt, can be equally ruinous. The fathers belief system is shattered after a series of circumstances culminate with his friends suicide. He endures a transition from being supportive and compassionate to being shaken, overwhelmed and guilt-ridden. These two stories demonstrate the extremes that can be reached on a persons own moral compass. The husband in So Much Water So Close To Home is so lacking morally, that in a criminal context, he might be considered sociopathic. He would seem not to possess the least bit of understanding for the concept of decency and feeling toward his fellow human being. On the contrary, the father/friend in The Third Thing That Killed My Father Off is condemned by an overabundance of concern for people, to a point that his internalization consumes him, destroying his relationship with his son. The wife in So Much Water So Close To Home is the narrator, so we see the marital relationship from her perspective. She tells us that the husband and his friends, while on a fishing trip, discover the body of a murdered girl. These men continue their trip and delay reporting this find for 2-3 days, until they are on their way home. The husband is an amoral individual who throughout the story is incapable of change as is shown by his lack of respect for the death of this murdered girl; his collusion with his fishing buddies to delay notification to proper authorities of this discovery until they conclude their trip; his consistent intake of alcohol to dull his senses; his marital treatment of his wife through the physical act of sex rather than lovemaking and his selfish sensitivity to criticism without any consciousness of guilt, when he remarks, I think I know what you need, as he begins to unbutton her blouse. (p. 87, par. 8) In reaction to the husband, the wife undergoes change in three definite ways. She, as narrator, first tells us how she attempts through conversation at the breakfast table to discuss with her husband his response when the body was found. The reason he doesnt discuss the girls death with his wife is that she was dead (p. 80, par. 2). He rejects her efforts and interprets them as criticism, resulting in the husband refusing to have any conversation on this topic. Her frustration with her husbands reticence results in the second stage, anger, which is manifested by her breaking dishes. Empathizing with the deceased young girl and her loved ones by recalling a similar incident in her own childhood, she decides to show her respect by attending the strangers funeral service. Upon her return from the funeral, she finally enters a third stage, complacency, where she accepts the status quo recognizing that her husband still would not respect the memory of the young girl by even asking about the service and its circumstances. Instead his callousness and selfishness are again illustrated when he begins fondling her, preparatory to another loveless copulation, and she simply puts up with it. .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86 , .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86 .postImageUrl , .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86 , .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86:hover , .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86:visited , .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86:active { border:0!important; } .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86:active , .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86 .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u592997e6cc90ee45b857ca04fdc1ff86:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Minimum Wage EssayIt is almost inconceivable that a fellow human can be as devoid of feeling as is our husband here. His ambivalence can almost be equated with that of a sociopath in a psychological setting. The inability to even understand that his complicity in not immediately reporting the finding of the girls body . Respect For Our Humanity Essay Example For Students Respect For Our Humanity: Essay Respect For Our Humanity: Essay 180 of Difference For purposes of this assignment I have selected the Raymond Carver stories So Much Water So Close To Home and The Third Thing That Killed My Father Off. The wife in the first story and the father in the second both undergo change when placed in situations which cause them to consider the value and dignity of human life. These reactions are called forth by interaction with other characters, the wife being affected by her husband and the father by his friend. We will write a custom essay on Respect For Our Humanity: specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the first story we see how an uncommunicative man who is so selfish and morally devoid that he causes his wife to undergo three distinct stages of emotion (empathy, anger, complacency). She eventually succumbs to her husbands benightedness in the context of their marital relationship. The second story examines how a mans moral conflict, as demonstrated by his introspection and consciousness of guilt, can be equally ruinous. The fathers belief system is shattered after a series of circumstances culminate with his friends suicide. He endures a transition from being supportive and compassionate to being shaken, overwhelmed and guilt-ridden. These two stories demonstrate the extremes that can be reached on a persons own moral compass. The husband in ;So Much Water So Close To Home; is so lacking morally, that in a criminal context, he might be considered sociopathic. He would seem not to possess the least bit of understanding for the concept of decency and feeling toward his fellow human being. On the contrary, the father/friend in ;The Third Thing That Killed My Father Off; is condemned by an overabundance of concern for people, to a point that his internalization consumes him, destroying his relationship with his son. The wife in ;So Much Water So Close To Home; is the narrator, so we see the marital relationship from her perspective. She tells us that the husband and his friends, while on a fishing trip, discover the body of a murdered girl. These men continue their trip and delay reporting this find for 2-3 days, until they are on their way home. The husband is an amoral individual who throughout the story is incapable of change as is shown by his lack of respect for the death of this murdered girl; his collusion with his fishing buddies to delay notification to proper authorities of this discovery until they conclude their trip; his consistent intake of alcohol to dull his senses; his marital treatment of his wife through the physical act of sex rather than lovemaking and his selfish sensitivity to criticism without any consciousness of guilt, when he remarks, ;I think I know what you need;, as he begins to unbutton her blouse. (p. 87, par. 8) In reaction to the husband, the wife undergoes change in three definite ways. She, as narrator, first tells us how she attempts through conversation at the breakfast table to discuss with her husband his response when the body was found. The reason he doesnt discuss the girls death with his wife is that ;she was dead; (p. 80, par. 2). He rejects her efforts and interprets them as criticism, resulting in the husband refusing to have any conversation on this topic. Her frustration with her husbands reticence results in the second stage, anger, which is manifested by her breaking dishes. Empathizing with the deceased young girl and her loved ones by recalling a similar incident in her own childhood, she decides to show her respect by attending the strangers funeral service. Upon her return from the funeral, she finally enters a third stage, complacency, where she accepts the status quo recognizing that her husband still would not respect the memory of the young girl by even asking about the service and its circumstances. Instead his callousness and selfishness are again illustrated when he begins fondling her, preparatory to another loveless copulation, and she simply puts up with it. .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e , .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e .postImageUrl , .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e , .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e:hover , .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e:visited , .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e:active { border:0!important; } .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e:active , .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u226bd6c1030b11cae178e74700f76e4e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Prostitution Should be Legal EssayIt is almost inconceivable that a fellow human can be as devoid of feeling as is our husband here. His ambivalence can almost be equated with that of a sociopath in a psychological setting. The inability to even understand that his complicity in not immediately reporting the finding of the girls body .

Tourism Industry in Amsterdam

Executive Summary The tourism industry in Amsterdam has become important for the economic development of the city. It attracts millions of people who may have different lifestyles, interests, and values. It is characterized by extreme competitiveness among businesses.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Tourism Industry in Amsterdam specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The growth of this economic sector can be attributed to the cultural heritage of Amsterdam and entertainment opportunities that it can offer. This area of economy is still open to new entrants. Introduction This report is aimed at examining the peculiarities of tourism industry in Amsterdam. In particular, it is necessary to focus on the way in which various external and internal factors can shape it. Much attention should be paid to political, social, economic, technological, and other forces. Moreover, one should concentrate on the competitive environme nt of this industry. In this context, the term tourism industry can include various organizations such as hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, and other businesses. Contemporary Amsterdam attracts people who have different values, priorities, or interests (Dunford 2003, p. 53). This popularity of this city gives rise to the development of a very competitive tourist industry (Statistics Netherlands 2012). These are the main issues that should be examined. Industry Analysis Industry overview and major trends This paper will be focused on hospitality institutions that operate in Amsterdam. Among them, one can distinguish hotels, restaurants, cafes, resorts, and other organizations that provide services to travelers. In the global context, its role is not very important since it constitutes only a small fraction of the national economy. Nevertheless, it does contribute to the development of global economy. For instance, in 2010, the city was visited by 5.3 million tourists (Research an d Statistics Economic Development Department, 2011, p. 1). They brought extra revenues to airlines, and travel agencies that could be located in various countries. Overall, researchers believe that there are positive trends in the development of the Amsterdam tourism industry. In particular, they look at such indicators as the number of tourist arrivals or bed nights1 (Research and Statistics Economic Development Department, 2011, p. 1). Even during the economic recession, these indicators were growing. For example, the number of tourist arrivals grew by more re 10 percent during the period between 2007 and 2009 (Research and Statistics Economic Development Department, 2011, p. 1).Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, tourism industry in this city is resistant to the effects of global recession. This is one of the main aspects that should be taken into account. The city of Amsterdam and tourism Amsterdam can be viewed as the commercial and technological centers of the Netherlands. According to various rating agencies, this city is one of the most comfortable ones (Hobbes 2009, p. 115). This means that it has necessary infrastructure, educational organizations, recreational facilities that are important for the wellbeing of an individual. Furthermore, the city hosts numerous attractions such as Van Gogh Museum, canals, Hermitage Amsterdam, cannabis coffee shops, and so forth. Therefore, this city can appeal to tourists with different values and attitudes. There are two important effects of globalization on this city. In particular, one can speak about the growing number of in-coming travelers and intensification of trade. Currently, the population of Amsterdam is 802,938 people. In turn, the Amsterdam Area has 11 percent of the national GDP2 (Statistics Netherlands 2012). The economy of Amsterdam as well as the Netherlands is formal. This means that businesses are monitored and regulated. The main consequence of this regulation is that the rights of clients are better protected. These are the main aspects that can be singled out. PESTL Model The external environment of the industry can be examined with the help of PESTL model that can throw light on political, legal, economic, technological and ecological forces. Political and legal environment The government of the Netherlands can be described as a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. This country does not face any risk of civil conflict or political instability. The strong protection of property and civic rights is the main political and legal factor that will contributes to the growth of hospitality industry (Musterd 2003, p. 88).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Tourism Industry in Amsterdam specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, it can lead to the increased flow of direct investment into various hotels, restaurants or other hospitality institutions. There are other forces that strengthen the confidence of investors and customers. Among them, one can single out transparency of the legal system and extremely low levels of corruption (Taekema 2011, p. 7). Moreover, economists focus on such an indicator as ease of doing business. Amsterdam is ranked 26th in this rankings (Amen 2013, p. 186). Therefore, the representative of the tourism Industry can find this legal and political environment very attractive Economic forces influencing the tourist industry in Amsterdam The growth in this industry is determined by the increasing globalization and the growing number of travelers. Hospitality institutions can be affected by various economic factors. Much attention should be paid to the purchasing power of clients who come from other European countries and the United States. Therefore, the tourism industry in Amsterdam can be influenced by many other industries . The Netherlands is regarded as a country where entrepreneurs can easily find credit for their businesses. Moreover, the country is an advanced economy with very low inflation rates (Banach 2008, p. 58). One can say that the tourism industry in Amsterdam is very competitive. This is why it is difficult for a single company to gain leadership. They have to provide services with the best ratio of price and quality. Socio-cultural environment and tourism industry in Amsterdam There are several social and cultural forces that can be important for the development of tourism in Amsterdam. Although, Dutch is the only official language, local people can also speak German, English, and French. Therefore, tourists do not find it difficult to communicate with local people. It should be noted that religion does not play a strong role in the social or cultural life of the country. Moreover, the cultural norms adopted in the Netherlands as well as Amsterdam tolerate different forms of religious worship. This issue is also of great importance to leisure travelers. Finally, one should remember that the country has legitimized the use of cannabis, and this policy led to the growth of drug tourism in Amsterdam (Dunford 2003, p. 53).Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Technology and the tourism industry Technology has been critical for the hospitality institutions in Amsterdam because with its help they can better attract clients. For instance, many hotels and restaurants develop their own websites in effort to attract clients from various countries. Amsterdam can also be viewed as a place where technological innovation is encouraged. As a rule, the emphasis is placed on the adoption of technologies which can reduce the pollution of water, air, or soil (McDonald 2011). This issue is particularly relevant if one speaks about transportation. This policy makes the city more appealing to tourists. Overall, Amsterdam has a well-developed infrastructure which includes information technologies, sea transportation, and advanced medical care. Ecological and environmental challenges The main environmental challenge is the increased risk of floods. It affects various types of businesses including hospitality organizations. They have to spend extra costs on flood insurance (Botzen 2013). This environmental challenge can become more important in the future, especially if sea level rises. Competitive environment and Five Forces Analysis The competitive environment of this Industry can be analyzed with the help of 5 Forces Model which helps to examine the internal and external environment of an industry. The threat of new entrants Hospitality institutions that are based in Amsterdam should remember that in this industry the threat of new entrants is high. This situation can be explained by the fact that the capital requirements are lower in comparison with other industries. Furthermore, there are no legal barriers that can prevent other companies from entering this market. The threat of substitute products The threat of substitute products is very low in this industry. Amsterdam offers a unique combination of various cultural sites and entertainment opportunities. Therefore, it is not likely that the tourists can go to a different locatio n. The bargaining power of suppliers In the tourist industry, there are businesses that act as suppliers. One should focus on the role played by travel agencies. These organizations provide information about various hotels in Amsterdam, restaurants, airline companies, and so forth. In other words, they can shape customers’ opinions. Secondly, it is important to speak about the suppliers providing foods and beverages to the hospitality industry. Yet, their bargaining power is not very high because they have to compete with one another. Moreover, hospitality organizations are important for their profitability. The bargaining power of buyers The bargaining power of clients is very strong because they do not have to face any switching costs. They can choose among different hotels, restaurants, airlines, and so forth. Furthermore, the services offered by local hospitality organizations are not very differentiated. This is why buyers can profoundly influence the performance of the tourism industry in Amsterdam. Intensity of competition The tourism sector in Amsterdam is characterized by intense competition. It should be kept in mind that there are many businesses which can offer similar services to clients. This is why they have to improve their services or even lower prices in order to attract customers. This is how they try to differentiate themselves among consumers. Ethical Dimensions The representatives of the tourist industry in Amsterdam have to make sure that their customers are not exposed to any risks. This issue should be considered by the managers of coffee shows where clients can purchase cannabis (Owens 2009). Similarly, Amsterdam is a popular destination for people who are interested in sex tourism. Therefore, the organizations should take precautions to safeguard their privacy and confidentiality. Key findings Overall, the examples provided in this paper can be used to identify the main traits of the tourist industry in Amsterdam. One should f ocus on the following aspects: intense competition among various hospitality organizations; the diversity of cultural sites and entertainment opportunities; the presence of legal safeguards that protect investors and clients; attractiveness to people who may have various values and lifestyles; well-developed infrastructure. Although, this industry is very competitive, it can still offer opportunities for clients and new businesses. This is the main argument that can be put forward. Appendixes Picture One: Tourist arrivals and bed nights (Research and Statistics Economic Development Department, 2011, p. 1) Picture Two: The economic performance of Amsterdam Region (Statistics Netherlands 2012) References Amen, M 2013, Cities and Global Governance: New Sites foar International Relations, Ashgate Publishing, New York. Banach G 2008, Policies in the European Union Unfair for Certain Countries?, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg. Botzen, W 2013, Managing Extreme Clim ate Change Risks Through Insurance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Dunford, M 2003, The Rough Guide to Amsterdam, Rough Guides, Boston. Hobbes, J 2009, World Regional Geography, Cengage Learning, New York. Research and Statistics Economic Development Department 2011, City of Amsterdam: Fact Sheet. Web. McDonald, G 2011, Frommer’s Amsterdam Day by Day, John Wiley Sons, Boston. Musterd, S 2003, Amsterdam Human Capital, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam. Owens, L 2009, Cracking Under Pressure: Narrating the Decline of the Amsterdam Squatters’ Movement, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam. Statistics Netherlands. (2012). Greater Amsterdam economically powerful region. Web. Taekema, S 2011, Understanding Dutch Law, Eleven International Publishing, Amsterdam. Footnotes 1 Please, refer to the Appendixes, Picture 1 2 Appendixes, Picture 2 This report on Tourism Industry in Amsterdam was written and submitted by user L1l1ana to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

McDonald’s restaurants Essay Example

McDonald’s restaurants Essay Example McDonald’s restaurants Essay McDonald’s restaurants Essay In reviewing Subway’s recent economic performance, the restaurant franchise chain is confident in their day to day operation. Subway is still expanding and one day will they will outnumber the amount of McDonald’s restaurants. Subway’s purchasing power is high due to the 33,000 location within 90 different countries. (Subway) Cost Analysis The price for a sandwich from Subway is fairly stable across all 33,000 locations. A person can order the same sandwich form any of these restaurants. So no matter where in the world a person is they can still order their meatball sandwich. Normally a person can order a sandwich, chips, and drink for less than ten dollars. Demand Analysis The demand for fast food has risen throughout the years. McDonald’s is the largest fast-food chain followed by Subway. Subway offers fast-food services with healthier alternatives. As people are short on time to get food, they are also demanding a healthier lifestyle. Subway has answered the call, The Subway ® chain is doing this through a variety of tactics, including the 8 subs with 6 grams of fat or less and other low-fat choices; a family marketing strategy; and an emphasis on unique qualities that make the chain stand out from other fast-food chains. (Subway) Competitor Analysis Subway faces several competitors, anywhere from small mom and pop sandwich shops to other large restaurant chains. Subway’s top three competitors are McDonald’s, Quiznos, and Yum! Brand Inc. Yum! is the largest fast food operator in the world in terms of number of locations, with more than 37,000 outlets in about 110 countries. The company’s flagships chains include KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, Long John Silver’s, AW Root Beer, with 80% of their restaurants licensed to franchisees. (Yahoo) Action Plan Subway will keep doing what they are doing in order to become the largest sandwich restaurant in the world. With a growth of about 2,000 stores a year they will one day outnumber the number of McDonald’s locations. SUBWAY ® restaurants Franchise fee: $12,000 Start-up cost: $69,300 to $191,000 Basic royalty: 8% Advertising royalty: 3. 5% BLIMPIE* Franchise fee: $18,000 Start-up cost: $99,321 to $338,200 Basic royalty: 6% Advertising royalty: 4% BURGER KING* Franchise fee: $50,000 Start-up cost: $240,000 to $2. 5 million Basic royalty: 4. 5% Advertising fund: 4% COUSIN’S SUBS* KFC McDonald’s Franchise fee: $15,000 Franchise fee: $25,000 Franchise fee $45,000 Start-up cost: $200,000 average Start-Up Cost: $250,000 Start-Up Cost $432,000 to $715,150 Basic royalty: 6% Basic royalty: 7. 90% Basic royalty: 12. 5% Advertising royalty: 2% Service fee: 4. 90% Module 15 – DETERMINING ORGANIZATIONAL FINANCIAL RESULTS Revenue Sources In 2008, Subway made $926. 2 million dollars in sales. That is a 1. 9% sales growth for the sandwich shop chain. In 2008 they employed 700 employees working at their headquarters. They are expecting a 9. 7% growth within their work force. Due to the fact most stores are a franchise the profit margin varies from store to store because they are independently owned. Therefore each store must pay their employees from each stores profit instead of coming from a corporate office. (Doctor’s Associates Inc) Operating Costs Due to the fact most Subway restaurants are privately held by different individuals the operating cost varies from location to location. Generally speaking each store must pay 8% of their sales to royalty costs. The cost in which it takes to run the stores will include land or rent payments, the cost of raw materials in order to make the food, electricity, and any other services in which the store might need to be successful. Start-Up Costs In order to open up a new Subway restaurant a business will need $78,600 to $238,300 for their total investment. The initial franchise fee is $15,000 with royalties of 8%. The owner of the new store has to agree to the terms of agreement for 20 years. (Franchise Mall) Profitability According to Doctor’s Associates Inc they cannot promise any projected profit or return on investment for new Subway franchises. Doctor’s Associates Inc release this statement because there is no magic formula in order to make a Subway franchise be success. Although In 2009, Doctor’s Associates made $926. 2 million dollars in sales from their 8% royalties. That is a 1. 9% sales growth for the sandwich shop chain. It is hard to get an actual number on how profitably each franchise is due to the fact they are all independently owned. Location and the customer base are all factors on how successful each location is. ( Subway) Action Plan With around $300,000 a person can open their own Subway restaurant store. 8% of the stores revenue will have to pay back for royalties. To be very successful and make a nice living a person will need to own and operate several stores. There is money to be made and a market to be taken. (Subway) MODULE 16- MEASURING INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUCCESS Financial Gains The profitable Subway franchise will undoubtedly profit from our operations in Brazil. Merging Subway’s success with Brazil’s culture will be Subway’s primary interest. Economic Benefits Subway’s focus will be equal opportunity for males and females alike- the majority of Brazil’s workforce is made up of men who earn higher salaries. Social Benefits Expanding Subway’s franchise to Brazil will be the stepping stone to expanding in neighboring countries. Because Subway will be adapting Brazil’s culture into our products and services, we will be preserving and enhancing Brazilian culture. Social Costs Subway was founded in the United States, a country with values much different than Brazil. In fact, many American values are considered to be offensive in the Brazilian culture. We must closely monitor our company’s practices prior to expansion. References countrystudies.us/brazil/82.htm.

Research methods and perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research methods and perspectives - Essay Example Ethics has a number of significant branches that can be summarized here as meta-ethics which details the theoretical implications as well as references related with moral propositions and how the truth meanings could be discerned. The normative ethics discuss the practical means through which moral courses of actions are found out. Applied ethics states how ethical outcomes could be attained within specified circumstances, situations and events. Moral psychology is another branch of ethics which deals with the proposition of how moral capacity develops and how its nature works to good effect (Sarantakos 2005). Lastly, descriptive ethics looks at the moral values, principles and beliefs which people listen and adhere to, on a consistent basis. All of these branches have one or the other moral justifications that do play their respective roles within the ethical understandings (Seale 2004). There are however a number of schools of thought as far as comprehending the basic premise behin d ethics and the sub-fields of study are also present under its aegis. The famous personalities who have played significant roles in forming ethical theories include G E Moore, John Rawls, Socrates, Aristotle, John Piper, Epictetus, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Immanuel Kant, G E M Anscombe, Karl Marx, Judith Martin to name a few. Understanding the world of ethics is based on a number of beliefs, most common of which is the act of doing universal good so that the wellness of the society could be assured. This means that the people who are ethically-driven will usually bring a great deal of sanity within the different processes and actions they are involved in, and thus assist the society to grow and develop in a very positive fashion. Ethical perspectives keep on changing with the passage of time because these are seen from differential contexts every now and then (Snidal 2008). However the element of doing good and being seen as good is something that

Company law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Company law - Essay Example ision in good faith and for meaningful purpose Transaction with other company should not reflect personal gains To inform other members of the board concerning the transaction to seek their confidence. Decision should be rational and in the best interest of the company. The above requirements are to be fulfilled by the directors in order to satisfy the statutory duty of care and due diligence6. Business judgment In accordance with the section 134 of the Corporations Act, the upper and the bottom layers of the management should respect the provisions of the Corporations Act and the constitution of the company. The company in its own discretion can have one or more replaceable rules contained in the Corporations Act in place of Constitution. In accordance with Section 140(1) (b) of the constitution and replaceable rules have the direct bearing on a Contract that executes between the company, each director and secretary. Under the mentioned scenario each one agrees to abide by the const itution and the rules in vogue7. Here we can take example of Turquand’s case, according to which, an agent belonging to the company can make a contract without any authority, which is not in knowledge of the outsider. A rule is settled that ensures the protection of outsiders until and unless the security of company is not at stake8. Another case Crabtree-Vickers Pty Ltd v Australian Direct Mail Advertising Co Pty Ltd can be taken as an example to show that a person who lacks actual authority cannot be entered into a contract on behalf of the company and prior approval is required for entering into a contract by some person having actual authority not apparent one9. Sixty-Fourth Throne Pty Ltd v Macquarie Bank Limited [1998] 3 VR 133 is another example where Kandy used authority of... The Corporations Act is an important legislation passed by the legislators that governs the companies in Australia. It deals with the issues of formation and operation of companies in line with the constitution of the company; determine responsibilities of officers, process of acquisitions, mergers and fundraising.Directors should not deploy themselves in a critical position where they are unable to serve in the best interest of the organization. This inclusive of entering into commercial transactions with other entities where one cannot take decisive part in making a decision for the company. With regard to protect the rights of shareholders in case of oppressive changes in the Constitution by the Board of Directors, we may invoke the provision of section 994 of the Companies Act. According to which â€Å"A member of a company may apply to the court for an order on the ground that the company's affairs are being run or have been conducted in a manner that is unfairly prejudicial to the interests of its members generally or of some part of its members† .The mentioned section in fact protects the interest of the minority shareholders in circumstances where the majority shareholders act in a way which is detrimental to the interests of minority shareholders. Moreover, in view the effective role of the Central Bank of Malaysia and the Security Commission of Malaysia, the chances of jeopardizing the interest of shareholders are diminished.